A Homo sapiens vagy a modern ember körülbelül 200,000 55,000 évvel ezelőtt alakult ki Kelet-Afrikában, a mai Etiópia közelében. Hosszú ideig Afrikában éltek. Körülbelül XNUMX XNUMX évvel ezelőtt szétszóródtak a világ különböző részein, beleértve Eurázsiát is, és idővel uralják a világot.
The oldest evidence of human existence in Európa itt találtak Bacho Kiro-barlang, Bulgária. Az ezen a helyen található emberi maradványt 47,000 XNUMX évesre datálták, ami arra utal H. sapiens 47,000 XNUMX évvel a jelen előtt érte el Kelet-Európát.
Eurázsia azonban a neandervölgyiek földje volt (homo neanderthalensis), an extinct species of ancient humans who lived in Európa and Asia between 400,000 years before present to about 40,000 years before present. They were good tool maker and hunter. H. sapiens did not evolve from neanderthals. Instead, both were close relatives. As shown in fossil records, neanderthals differed markedly from Homo sapiens anatomically in the skull, ear bones and pelvis. The former were shorter in height, had stockier bodies and had heavy brows and big noses. Therefore, based on significant differences in physical traits, neanderthals and homo sapiens are traditionally considered to be two distinct species. Nevertheless, H. neanderthalensis és a H. sapiens interbred outside Africa when the later met neanderthals in Eurasia after leaving Africa. The present human populations whose ancestors had lived outside Africa have about 2% neanderthal DNA in their genome. Neanderthal ancestry is found in modern African populations as well perhaps because of migration of Az európaiak into Africa over the past 20,000 years.
The co-existence of neanderthals and H. sapiens in the Európa has been debated. Some thought that the neanderthals disappeared from northwestern Európa before the arrival of H. sapiens. Based on the study of stone tools and fragments of skeletal remains at the site, it was not possible to determine whether specific excavated levels at archaeological sites are associated with Neanderthals or H. sapiens. After reaching Európa, tette H. sapiens együtt éltek (neandervölgyiekkel), mielőtt a neandervölgyiek a kihalás előtt álltak?
Érdekes eset a lincombian–ranisia–jerzmanowician (LRJ) kőszerszámipar a németországi Ranis városában található Ilsenhöhle régészeti lelőhelyen. Nem lehetett véglegesen bizonyítani, hogy ez a lelőhely a neandervölgyiekhez vagy a H. sapienshez kapcsolódik-e.
A közelmúltban megjelent tanulmányokban a kutatók kivonták a ősi DNS from the skeletal fragments from this site and upon mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of the remains found that remains belonged to modern human population and were about 45,000 years old which makes it the earliest H. sapiens remains in Northern Európa.
The studies showed that Homo sapiens were present in central and northwestern Európa long before extinction of Neanderthals in southwestern Európa and indicated that both species coexisted in Europe during the transitional period for about 15,000 years. H. sapiens at LRJ were small pioneer groups who were connected to wider populations of H. sapiens in eastern and central Europe.It was also found that around 45,000-43,000 years ago, cold climate prevailed across the sites at Ilsenhöhle and had a cold steppe setting. Directly dated human bones at the site suggest that H. sapiens could use the site and operate thus showing ability to adapt to the prevailing severe cold conditions.
The studies are significant because it identifies an early spread of H. sapiens into cold steppes in northern Európa 45,000 years ago. The humans could adapt to the extreme cold conditions and operate as small mobile groups of pioneers.
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Referenciák:
- Mylopotamitaki, D., Weiss, M., Fewlass, H. et al. A Homo sapiens 45,000 626 évvel ezelőtt érte el Európa magasabb szélességeit. Nature 341, 346–2024 (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- Pederzani, S., Britton, K., Trost, M. és mtsai. A stabil izotópok azt mutatják, hogy a Homo sapiens körülbelül 45,000 2024 évvel ezelőtt a németországi Ranis városában található Ilsenhöhle-ben hideg sztyeppekre oszlott szét. Nat Ecol Evol (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02318-z
- Smith, GM, Ruebens, K., Zavala, EI et al. A körülbelül 45,000 2024 éves Homo sapiens ökológiája, létfenntartása és étrendje a németországi Ranisban található Ilsenhöhle-ben. Nat Ecol Evol (XNUMX). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
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